SM5451 IC
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Product Details
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SAMSUNG SM5451 25W FAST CHARGING IC DETAILED TECHNICAL & REWORK GUIDE
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1. FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE & CIRCUIT ROLE:
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- 2:1 Switched-Capacitor Direct Charging Architecture:
* In modern Samsung 25W USB-PD / PPS (Programmable Power Supply) fast charging designs, conventional
buck converters generate too much heat at high currents. SM5451 utilizes a 2:1 switched-capacitor
charge pump topology.
* It takes ~9V to 10V DC from the USB Type-C adapter and halves the voltage to ~4.5V–5.0V while doubling
the current directly delivered to the battery pack (up to 3A–5A), achieving over 97% conversion efficiency.
- Dual-Charging Path Coordination:
* Works in parallel with the secondary PMIC: standard slow charging is managed via the main power path,
while SM5451 is engaged dynamically by firmware as soon as "Super Fast Charging" (25W) is negotiated.
- Comprehensive Hardware Protection:
* Integrates input over-voltage protection (OVP), battery reverse-current blocking, precise current-sensing
loops, and NTC thermistor thermal regulation to prevent battery degradation.
2. BOARD-LEVEL FAULT SYMPTOMS (خرابی کی نشانیاں):
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- No Super Fast Charging (سپر فاسٹ چارجنگ کا نہ چلنا):
* Phone charges normally on a slow 5V charger (1.0A–1.5A), but when plugged into a 25W original Samsung
adapter, charging stops entirely, drops to zero, or refuses to negotiate 9V/PPS mode.
- Fake Charging (فیک چارجنگ):
* The blue/green super fast charging animation appears on the screen, but battery percentage does not
advance or drops during heavy use (USB doctor meter draws only 0.05A–0.15A).
- Zero Charging Response / Complete No Power:
* If the internal switched-capacitor FETs puncture and short to ground, the VBUS or primary system rail
collapses to 0V, causing the phone to be completely dead or bench power supplies to sound the short alarm.
- Excessive Localized Overheating:
* SM5451 becomes boiling hot within seconds of plugging in a fast charger, causing the OS to display a
"Phone temperature too high - Charging paused" warning.
3. STEP-BY-STEP MULTIMETER TESTING & DIAGNOSTICS:
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A. Cold Testing (Diode Mode Check - Battery & Charger Disconnected):
1. Place Multimeter in Diode Mode. Connect RED probe to PCB Ground (Shielding frame), test with
BLACK probe around SM5451 surrounding components:
- VBUS Input Filter Capacitors: Normal ~500mV – 640mV (0.000V = dead short on Type-C input).
- Flying Capacitors (Charge Pump Caps): Both terminals must measure normal high impedance (~450mV – 650mV),
must NOT read 0.000V to ground.
- Output Rail / Battery Connection Node: Normal ~380mV – 490mV.
- I2C Communication Lines (SDA / SCL): Normal ~450mV – 650mV.
2. Short-Circuit Verification:
- If VBUS or the flying capacitor rail reads 0.000V, inject 3.8V DC (limited to 1.5A). Observe with
thermal camera or rosin smoke: if SM5451 glows white-hot immediately, remove the IC.
B. Hot Testing (Connected to Type-C 25W PD Charger):
1. Plug in verified 25W Samsung Type-C charger:
- Check input bypass capacitor: Voltage should negotiate to ~9.0V DC.
- Check flying capacitors: High-frequency switching waveform should be present on oscilloscope.
- Check output terminal: Voltage must read equal to active battery voltage with high current draw
(2.0A–2.8A on USB-C power meter).
- If 9V input is present, but current draw drops to 0.00A and output voltage is 0V, SM5451 is dead.
4. SOLDERING, REBALLING & REWORK SPECIFICATIONS:
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- IC Desoldering:
* Protect nearby plastic FPC connectors (sub-board cable, battery terminal) and cameras with heat insulation tape.
* Apply high-grade, non-corrosive RMA tacky flux around the perimeter of SM5451.
* Hot air rework parameters: Temperature 330°C – 345°C, airflow 30% – 35% with a fine-tip nozzle.
* Heat in steady, tight circles for 15–20 seconds. Touch gently with precision tweezers; once solder balls
melt completely, lift straight up without sliding across motherboard pads.
- Motherboard Pad Cleaning:
* Melt leaded solder paste (Sn63/Pb37, 183°C) onto the pads to dilute factory high-melt unleaded alloy.
* Flatten motherboard micro-pads using fine copper desoldering braid and a micro-tip soldering iron
at 280°C – 290°C.
* Clean thoroughly with 99% pure Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA); inspect under a microscope to confirm no
bridging or missing traces.
- Reballing Procedure:
* Secure a dedicated Samsung SM5451 stencil or universal 0.35mm/0.4mm pitch BGA stencil.
* Spread 183°C fine-grain leaded solder paste smoothly into all apertures.
* Heat with hot air set to 280°C with low airflow (15%–20%) until bright, uniform solder spheres form.
- Placement & Final Reflow:
* Apply an ultra-thin layer of tacky flux across the PCB footprint.
* Align Pin 1 index dot precisely with the motherboard silkscreen corner marker.
* Reflow at 305°C – 315°C with 30% airflow; the chip will automatically pull into center alignment via
molten solder surface tension.
* Allow motherboard to cool naturally for 3–5 minutes before connecting battery and testing with a 25W charger.
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